Neither of these are difficult tasks, but it takes longer to complete the second than the first. Now, think of the last letter of your surname.This could be done by establishing legal safeguards to protect consumers from harm, and establishing professional guidelines and standards to evaluate good practice and interface quality.This is the second in a series of fundamental user experience concepts useful for understanding people’s behaviour when using the web and mobile. Raskin further asserts that interface design should be subject to regulation, analogous to building codes. The user can zoom out to see all the documents, or zoom in on any specific document in order to read and edit it. Zooming user interface – Raskin advocates an interface he calls ZoomWorld, in which the user navigates around a two-dimensional plane containing a graphical representation of every document on the computer.An end to directories and file names – "the content of a text file is its own best name." Every document should be identifiable by its contents, so there should not be need for directories or names for user-generated documents Raskin argues that these names tend to be cryptic and make files difficult to find afterwards.For example, in the middle of writing a text document, a user should be able to do a mathematical computation by writing out the computation in the document, then hitting some "calculate" function. An end to stand-alone applications – every software package should be structured as a set of tools available to users on any document.Raskin also advocates a document-centered approach to computer interfaces that entails several radical changes to the current nature of operating systems and software: A modeless interface, monotony of design and elimination of blocking warnings are all intended to favor habit-forming reactions to interface handling. Habituation is an important concept driving Raskin's guidelines, intended to free the user's mind from attention to low-level interaction details. Universal use of text – Raskin argues that graphic icons in software without any accompanying text are often cryptic to users.Elimination of warning screens – modern software applications often ask the user "are you sure?" before some potentially harmful action Raskin argues they are unhelpful because users tend to ignore them out of habit, and that having a universal undo eliminates the need for them.Universal undo/redo – every action should be undoable and redoable, even after a document or application has been closed and reopened.Monotony of design – there should be only one way to accomplish a certain atomic task in an application (in many modern applications, there are at least three - one through a button on the screen, one through a menu dropdown, and one through a keyboard shortcut – and often more). Raskin advocates either getting rid of them entirely or using " quasimodes" (a term he invented in the book) a quasimode is a state in which the user must make some constant physical action in order to keep the computer in that state, so that they cannot forget that they are in that mode an example is the keyboard's shift key.
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